Measuring Industry Specific Protection: Antidumping in the United States

This paper provides estimates of the trade impacts of U.S. antidumping law and the determinants of suit filing activity from 1980-1985. We study three possible channels through which the threat or mere possibility of antidumping duties can restrict trade which we believe, when combined with the direct effects of duties, capture most of the trade effects of antidumping law. We refer to these three non- duty effects as the investigation effect, the suspension effect, and the withdrawal effect. Investigation effects occur when an antidumping investigation takes place; suspension effects occur under so-called 'suspension agreements'; and withdrawal effects occur after a petition is simply withdrawn without a final determination. We find substantial trade restrictions associated with the first two effects, but not with the third. Finally, we find evidence suggesting that some firms initiate antidumping procedures for the trade restricting investigation effects alone.

Adjusting for bias introduced by instrumental variable estimation in the Cox Proportional Hazards Model

Instrumental variable (IV) methods are widely used for estimating average treatment effects in the presence of unmeasured confounders. However, the capability of existing IV procedures, and most notably the two-stage residual inclusion (2SRI) procedure recommended for use in nonlinear contexts, to account for unmeasured confounders in the Cox proportional hazard model is unclear. We show that instrumenting an endogenous treatment induces an unmeasured covariate, referred to as an individual frailty in survival analysis parlance, which if not accounted for leads to bias. We propose a new procedure that augments 2SRI with an individual frailty and prove that it is consistent under certain conditions. The finite sample-size behavior is studied across a broad set of conditions via Monte Carlo simulations. Finally, the proposed methodology is used to estimate the average effect of carotid endarterectomy versus carotid artery stenting on the mortality of patients suffering from carotid artery disease. Results suggest that the 2SRI-frailty estimator generally reduces the bias of both point and interval estimators compared to traditional 2SRI.Comment: 27 pages, 8 figures, 4 table

Making the most of meetings: An entry point for knowledge sharing

More effective sharing of the knowledge generated by agricultural research and development (R&D) will enhance global efforts to reduce poverty, hunger and environmental degradation. Major meetings provide a useful opportunity for introducing knowledge sharing (KS) attitudes, methods and tools to R&D organizations. Such events can promote awareness of new types of collegial relationships and foster more creative scientific collaboration. If they are to successfully perform these functions, however, the meeting organizers must plan carefully, identifying the KS techniques that are most appropriate to the defined objectives. Feedback mechanisms (before, during and after the event) are also required. While major meetings can be an entry point for KS into an organization, they will not necessarily lead to mainstreaming of the concept. It is important to incorporate KS into the whole information continuum; a process that includes internal and external communication channels and involves all the organization’s stakeholders. For KS to lead to organizational change and sustainable improvements in performance, top-level management must be committed and meeting results must be followed through

The Effect of Domestic Antidumping Law in the Presence of Foreign Monopoly

We consider the effects of antidumping law when utilized by competitive domestic petitioners against a foreign monopolist. The foreign monopolist must set capacity before the realization of random foreign demand, but can reduce the cost of holding excess capacity in periods of slack foreign demand by dumping on the domestic market. With the introduction of antidumping law in the domestic market, domestic firms are shown to file suits in periods of sufficiently slack foreign demand, reducing the volume of imports directly in such periods. Moreover, this occasional filing activity raises the cost to the foreign monopolist of holding excess capacity and, in so doing, results in a scaling back of foreign capacity. Thus, the volume of imports is generally reduced by the introduction of domestic antidumping law, even in periods where no suit is filed. Finally. we consider self-enforcing agreements between the domestic industry and the foreign monopolist that take the form of a promise by the domestic industry not to file in exchange for a promise by the foreign monopolist to export no more than a pre-specified amount: We show that these agreements narrow the range of demand states over which suits are filed to only the softest states of demand, and lead to greater foreign capacity, hence partially mitigating both the direct and indirect impact of antidumping law on trade volume.

In Vitro Motility of Actin Filaments Powered by Plant Myosins XI

The actomyosin network is thought to support fundamental processes of plant development and cell expansion such as polarized elongation of root hairs and the diffuse growth of epidermal and mesophyll cells. Inhibition of myosins via pharmacological treatments represents one of the key approaches for understanding of their roles in different cellular processes. However, the use of the standard plant myosin inhibitor, 2,3-butanedionemonoxime (BDM), is questioned as it requires a high concentration and may not be as specific as desired. By testing drugs that inhibit animal and yeast myosins V, the Staiger laboratory previously found pentabromopseudilin (PBP) as a potential inhibitor of plant myosins in vivo. In order to verify PBP as a plant myosin inhibitor in vitro, an actin filament gliding assay powered by chicken Myosin Va (MyoVa) was developed as a positive control using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy (TIRFM). Here, we partially purified a YFP-tagged Myosin XIK from Arabidopsis thaliana, and enriched it in the motility assay chamber by an antibody affinity-capture method. The enriched XIK-YFP showed actin binding activity and addition of ATP resulted in detachment of actin filaments (F-actin) from the protein, suggesting that the ATPase domain of the isolated myosin is partially functional. By testing the detachment frequency of myosin-bound F-actin, we demonstrated that PBP could effectively inhibit the ATP-dependent release of F-actin from the isolated XIK-YFP, suggesting that PBP is a potential plant myosin inhibitor

The acoustic cut-off frequency of the Sun and the solar magnetic activity cycle

The acoustic cut-off frequency -the highest frequency for acoustic solar eigenmodes- is an important parameter of the solar atmosphere as it determines the upper boundary of the p-mode resonant cavities. At frequencies beyond this value, acoustic disturbances are no longer trapped but traveling waves. Interference amongst them give rise to higher-frequency peaks -the pseudomodes- in the solar acoustic spectrum. The pseudomodes are shifted slightly in frequency with respect to p modes making possible the use of pseudomodes to determine the acoustic cut-off frequency. Using data from GOLF and VIRGO instruments on board the SOHO spacecraft, we calculate the acoustic cut-off frequency using the coherence function between both the velocity and intensity sets of data. By using data gathered by these instruments during the entire lifetime of the mission (1996 till the present), a variation in the acoustic cut-off frequency with the solar magnetic activity cycle is found.Comment: Paper accepted in ApJ. 26 Pages, 9 figure

HYBRID MEMBRANE-PSA SYSTEM FOR SEPARATING OXYGEN FROMAR

A portable, non-cryogenic, oxygen generation system capable of delivering oxygen gas at purities greater than 98% and flow rates of 15 L/min or more is described. The system consists of two major components. The first component is a high efficiency membrane capable of separating argon and a portion of the nitrogen content from air, yielding an oxygen-enriched permeate flow. This is then fed to the second component, a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit utilizing a commercially available, but specifically formulated zeolite compound to remove the remainder of the nitrogen from the flow. The system is a unique gas separation system that can operate at ambient temperatures, for producing high purity oxygen for various applications (medical, refining, chemical production, enhanced combustion, fuel cells, etc...) and represents a significant advance compared to current technologies